Anthropic cofounder who majored in literature says knowing which questions to ask beats coding

Jack Clark, a billionaire cofounder of Anthropic and former journalist who majored in English literature and creative writing, said his literary education helped him become an influential figure in the world of AI.

“I’m a literature graduate, and I don’t think you’d put that as a cofounder of a frontier AI company, but what turned out to be useful is that I got to learn a lot about history and a lot about the kind of stories that we tell ourselves about the future,” he said during the Semafor World Economy Summit on Monday.

“That’s turned out to be, like, extremely relevant for AI in a way that I think people wouldn’t have predicted,” he added.

For young people trying to figure out where they fit in the increasingly AI-fueled economy, their best bet may be learning to ask the right questions, he added.  

“The really important thing is knowing the right questions to ask and having intuitions about what would be interesting if you collided different insights from many different disciplines,” he said.

Clark claimed young people should avoid pursuing basic or “rote programming” and added that the degrees that are going to become even more relevant in the future are the ones that involve “synthesis across a whole variety of subjects and analytical thinking about that,” he said.

Cracks in STEM

Clark’s insight comes as more young people are grappling with what an AI-dominated future looks like for them. For decades enrollment in STEM education exploded, partly owing to a spike in computer science interest that helped increase science and engineering graduate enrollment by more than a third between 2000 and 2015, according to the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES). Between 2013 and 2023 STEM job growth also outpaced non-STEM job growth with a 26% increase, compared with a 9% increase, respectively, according to the NCSES, which is part of the National Science Foundation. 

While STEM jobs are projected to grow by 6% through 2024, some cracks have started to appear thanks to AI. A report by Anthropic researchers Maxim Massenkoff and Peter McCrory last month found that AI can theoretically take over 94% of computer and math tasks. Computer programming jobs are among those that are most exposed to AI, the report found. 

Leaders at companies like Anthropic that are building the worker-replacing tech are increasingly sounding the alarm about job displacement. Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei notably claimed AI would eliminate half of all entry-level white-collar jobs. Meanwhile, the creator of Anthropic’s Claude Code, Boris Cherny, said earlier this year that “coding is practically solved” and that “we’re going to start to see the title ‘software engineer’ go away.” 

For young people, the influx of AI across industries poses a significant risk as they are still trying to establish themselves in the workforce. During the same interview Monday, Clark admitted, “I see potential weakness in early graduate employment in some industries,” without specifying which industries. He hedged his comments by saying, “I haven’t seen anything beyond that,” regarding AI-linked layoffs, although he emphasized AI will upend businesses and how business is conducted. 

A study by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York showed the unemployment rate for recent college graduates stood at 5.7% at the end of last year, up from 3.6% pre-pandemic and above the general unemployment rate of 4.3% in March. The share of college graduates in jobs that typically don’t require a college degree was also at its highest rate since the pandemic at 42.5% at the end of last year, a potential sign that young graduates are struggling to find jobs in their field of study.

Frustrated by a laggard job market, some young people have started to consider entering the trades. Vocation-focused community college enrollment increased 16% last year, according to data from the National Student Clearinghouse. Others have eschewed full-time positions in favor of multiple part-time jobs that allow more freedom.

Liberal arts comeback

At the same time, there is some evidence that a liberal arts degree is becoming more relevant, at least in tech. Jaime Teevan, Microsoft’s chief scientist, said last month that a liberal arts education will be important for developing the soft skills that are still needed when other work is delegated to AI.

“Metacognitive skills will be very important—flexibility, adaptability, experimentation, thinking critically, being able to challenge things. Developing critical-thinking skills requires friction, doing things that are hard, doing deep thinking,” Teevan told the Wall Street Journal. 

Michael Oakes, the executive vice president for research and economic development at Case Western Reserve University, told Fortune that a classical liberal arts degree will be important because it develops workers who can navigate deep nuance and culture—qualities he said AI cannot replicate.

“As AI lowers the barrier to technical execution, the labor market premium is shifting toward a human layer of rigorous critical reasoning,” Oakes said.

Nontraditional positions in tech where a liberal arts education is important may be growing. Just this week, an AI ethicist and senior research associate at the University of Cambridge said in a post on X that he was hired as a philosopher for Google DeepMind, Alphabet’s AI lab. Clark for his part said Monday that Anthropic also employs several philosophers. 

“When was the last time you heard that a philosophy degree was like a great job prospect?” Clark said. “But it turns out that now it is.”