For many prospective homebuyers, the dream of owning a home is being deferred not by a lack of income but by a lingering hospital bill from years ago. While recent headlines suggested a total ban on including healthcare costs in credit reports, the reality on the ground for mortgage lenders is far more complex. Medical debt remains one of the most common “invisible” anchors that can drag down a credit score or complicate a debt-to-income calculation during the underwriting process. Even if you have a stable job and a significant down payment, a single unresolved collection account can be the difference between a “yes” and a “no.” Understanding how lenders currently view these debts is essential for anyone preparing to enter the housing market.
The Volatile Legal Landscape of 2025
The rules surrounding how medical debt appears on your credit report have undergone a dramatic “pendulum swing” over the last year. In early 2025, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) finalized a rule that sought to ban medical bills from credit reports entirely. However, following significant legal challenges and a mid-year court ruling in the Eastern District of Texas, that federal ban was vacated, leaving the system in a state of confusion. As of late 2025, unpaid medical debts over $500 that have been in collection for more than a year can still appear on your report in many states. This means that for most Americans, the “safety net” they were promised has been tied up in legal red tape, making personal vigilance more important than ever.
How Medical Bills Lower Your Credit Tier
Even though some credit scoring models like FICO 10 and VantageScore 4.0 have reduced the weight they give to healthcare collections, many mortgage lenders still use older models. These “legacy” systems don’t distinguish between a $1,000 emergency room bill and $1,000 in reckless credit card spending. Consequently, a single medical collection can knock 50 to 100 points off your score, pushing you into a higher interest rate tier or out of qualification entirely. When you are applying for a mortgage, that lower score could cost you tens of thousands of dollars in extra interest over the life of the loan. It is a steep price to pay for a debt that, according to Consumer Reports, is often based on inaccurate or inflated billing data.
The Impact on Your Debt-to-Income Ratio
Beyond the credit score, medical debt can negatively impact your Debt-to-Income (DTI) ratio, which is a key metric for mortgage approval. If you are currently on a payment plan with a hospital, that monthly obligation must be included in your “back-end” DTI, reducing the amount of mortgage you can afford. Lenders typically look for a DTI of 43% or lower, and a $200 monthly medical payment can significantly shrink your buying power. Even if the debt isn’t on your credit report yet, a responsible lender will ask about recurring obligations during the manual underwriting process. This “hidden” impact is why many experts suggest settling medical payment plans before beginning a serious home search.
The State-by-State “Protection Lottery”
Because the federal ban was blocked, your ability to get a mortgage with medical debt now largely depends on where you live. States like New York, California, and Minnesota have passed their own laws prohibiting medical debt from being reported to credit bureaus, effectively creating a “safe harbor” for their residents. However, if you live in a state without these protections, you are still subject to the old rules where collectors can use your credit report as a weapon for payment. This “protection lottery” has created a fragmented housing market where a buyer in one state is penalized for an illness while a buyer across the border is not. Always check the specific consumer protection laws in your state through the National Consumer Law Center.
Dealing with “Zombie” Medical Collections
One of the most frustrating experiences for homebuyers is the “zombie” medical debt that appears on a credit report just as they are about to close on a house. These are often old bills that were supposedly covered by insurance but were sold to a third-party collector years later. The stress of a mortgage application often triggers these collectors to report the debt, knowing that the buyer is under pressure to “make it go away” to save their loan. If this happens to you, do not immediately pay the bill, as this can sometimes restart the statute of limitations or be seen as an admission of the debt’s validity. Instead, work with your loan officer to provide an “Explanation of Debt” letter to the underwriter.
Strategies for Mortgage Qualification
If you have medical debt and want to buy a home in 2026, your first step should be to request a “pay-for-delete” agreement with the collection agency. While not all agencies will agree, many are willing to remove the negative entry from your credit report if you pay a settled amount in full. You should also ensure that any debt under $500 is removed immediately, as the major credit bureaus have voluntarily agreed not to report these smaller amounts. If the debt is inaccurate, use the Fair Credit Reporting Act to dispute the entry with both the bureau and the original healthcare provider. Often, a “disputed” status is enough to allow a mortgage underwriter to move forward with your application.
The Future of Medical Debt and Housing
The conversation around medical debt and housing is far from over, as advocates continue to push for legislative changes at both the state and federal levels. There is a growing consensus that medical bills are a poor predictor of whether someone will be a responsible homeowner. Until the law catches up with this reality, the burden of proof remains on the borrower to show they are financially stable despite their medical history. Staying proactive, keeping meticulous records of your medical payments, and monitoring your credit monthly are your best defenses. Your dream of homeownership shouldn’t be a casualty of a broken healthcare billing system.
Have you ever had a medical bill pop up on your credit report right when you were trying to make a big move? Leave a comment below and share how you handled it!
